Between 1860-1925 two new areas of biology evolve into CMB…
1. Biochemistry... isolation & chemical characterization cell substances...
synthesis of 1st natural biological product in lab...
from urine &/or oxalic acid from spinach UREA 1828 Freiderich Wohler
1st macromolecule isolation free of cell... fibrous, acid precipitate = protein 1838 Gerhardus Mulder
isolation of nuclein from from nuclei of white blood cells & sperm of Salmon 1869 Friedrich Miescher
1st cell free yeast extracts that convert glucose --> alcohol (fermentation) 1897 Eduard Buchner
structural makeup of molecules (peptide bond)... 16 of 22 amino acid discovered 1900's Emil Fischer
2. Genetics... study of inheritance/characters in plants & animals...
dominant/recessive; dihybrid crosses; value was quantitative approach 1865 G. Mendel [Mendel Web]
chromosomal theory of inheritance (Meiosis matches Mendel) 1902 SUTTON & BOVERI
"biochemical genetics" alkaptonuria- mutations = defective proteins 1902 Archibold GARROD
coins term GENE + concepts phenotype & genotype 1909 Wilhelm JOHANNSEN
chromosome linkage & mapping (Drosophilia) 1911-1920's T.H.Morgan (paper) & Sturtevant & Bridges
what's important is concept of what was done (as CELL FREE EXTRACTIONS), not specifically who did it.
3. Molecular Genetics... isolation & chemical characterization cell substances...
between 1925 to 1965 - Cell & Molecular Biology comes of age...
discovery of chemical nature of gene & merging of biochemistry & genetics
transforming principle (genetic agent causes pneumonia) 1928 Fred Griffith
"one gene = one enzyme" 1941 G.Beadle & E. Tatum
proteases don't alter gene transformation, but DNAses inactivate
transformation, thus DNA is genetic material. 1st use of enzymes
to test for active biological activity 1944 Avery, MacLeod & McCarty
experiments using 32P establish DNA as genetic material 1952 Alfred Hershey bio & Martha Chase
4. Cell & Molecular Biology... integration of molecular structure & cell function...
between 1950-1990 - Birth of Modern CMB and Structural Biology...
NHGRI Dynamic History Timeline & NHGRI Timeline Landmarks graphic
... A
Brief History of Biotechnology by Mallery
& is the content of Biology 255
my mother (nee 1906): saw advent of auto, airplane, radio, T.V., man on the moon...
DNA & transgenic animals, artificial genes & manipulation, cloning, human genome...
CMB is part of our modern popular culture - Movies: Jurassic Park & Species-I
The aim of Modern
CMB is to interpret the
properties of life
& organisms
through the
structure
of their
constituent cellular molecules.
So then, how do you describe... CONTEMPORARY CELL
& MOLECULAR BIOLOGY?
*
|
Is the
CELL an independently functioning unit?
Is the ORGANISM (plant or animal) more than an assembly of individual cells? |
| CMB is interdisciplinary: a little bit of this and some of that, & includes... |
|
Cell Physiology -
takes a
comparative approach;
adaptations to habitats via an
evolutionary base... it asks how cells answer universal problems such as:
water conservation,
cell communication, etc.…
|
|
Systemic Physiology
-
organism
or
organ systems, form & function...
insect, plant, fish, kidney, etc...physiology
|
|
Biochemistry -
chemical
& physical commonality
of cell reaction mechanisms...
glycolysis, Krebs, ETC, & ATP synthase, etc... |
|
Molecular Biology
-
properties
of organisms
through structure of its molecules...
carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, etc... |
Cell & Molecular Biology
is about energy, reactivity, movement, & change... action & reaction;almost everything that happens in life (happens in cells)...
may boil down to ENZYME CATALYSIS.
CMB replaces the gross anatomy and physiological studies of the 17th & 18th century,
with the biology of molecules & molecular systems, a 21st century science.
" CMB... is the practice of Biochemistry without a license "
is to interpret the (questions) properties of organisms
through the structure of their constituent molecules.
end
On Dec. 3, 1967 Dr.
Christian Bernard -
of Cape Town, South Africa, using techniques
pioneered at Stanford University by Drs.
Norman Shumway and
Richard Lower, performed the
first successful heart transplant at Groote Schuur Hospital."
The patient, Louis Washkansky, lived 18 days and
died of a lung infection.