| A Brief and Incomplete History of Cell and Molecular Biology | ||
| 1865 | Gregor Mendel | phenotypic basis of inheritance |
| 1868 | Friedrich Meischer | discovers "nuclein" -in pus & fish sperm |
| 1887 | August Weismann | describes reduction division of chromosomes |
| 1903 | Walter Sutton | describes meiosis & spermatogenesis in insects "Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance" |
| 1909 | Thomas Hunt Morgan | Drosophilia, chromosmal linkage & crossing over |
| 1911 | Alfred Stuartevant | mapping of genes on chromsomes |
| 1924 | Robert Fuelgen | cytochemical staining & identification of DNA |
| 1928 | Fred Griffith | used pneumococcus & described gene transformation |
| 1933 | Ted Painter | identifies polytene chromosomes |
| 1930's | George Beadle & Ed Tatum | "one gene - one enzyme" ¥ |
| 1940's | Linus Pauling peace | identifies alpha helix structure of proteins |
| 1940's |
Maurice Wilkins & Rosy Franklin |
X-ray diffraction - structure of DNA |
| 1944 | Oswald Avery, Maclyn MacLeod, & Colin McCarty |
chemically suggest that "DNA is genetic material " |
| 1950 | Erwin Chargaff | "Chargaff's Rule" - DNA base complimentarity A:T G:C |
| 1950's | Fred Sanger tRNA | sequences 1st protein - insulin |
| 1952 | Alfred Hershey & Martha Chase |
32P viral DNA replication = genes are DNA |
| 1953 | James Watson & Francis Crick |
identify model structure of DNA |
| 1956 | Arthur Kornberg | describes action of DNA polymerase |
| 1950's | Peter Mitchell | Chemiosmosis - how cells make ATP |
| 1958 | Matt Meselson & Frank Stahl | semiconservative replication of DNA |
| 1960 | Paul Doty & Jay Marmur | Tm-hyperchromicity DNA - DNA hybridization |
| 1961 | Holley, Khorana, & Nirenberg & Henirich Mattaei | identifies Genetic Code ¥ |
| 1963 | Jerome Vinograd | identifies super-coiled structure of DNA |
| 1968 | Stanley Cohen | discovers plasmids & antibiotic resistance |
| 1969 | Edmonds & Caramelai | identifies poly-A-polymerase |
| 1970 | Herbert Boyer | discovers restriction endonuclease |
| 1971 | Gunter Blobel | signal hypothesis |
| 1972 | Paul Berg | Recombinant DNA's - splices SV40 & E coli |
| 1975 | Walter Gilbert, allan Maxam, Fred Sanger | develop DNA sequences techniques |
| 1975 | Cesar Milstein, Geo. Kohler, & Niles Jeme | develop monoclonal antibodies |
| 1976 | Robert Swanson & Herb Boyer | create GENENTECH biopharmaceutical Co. |
| 1977 |
Richard Roberts & Philip Sharp |
identifies split genes (introns & exons) |
| 1978 | Genentech, Inc. | produces Humulin 1st recombinant DNA drug |
| 1981 | Sidney Altman & Tom Cech | identifies ribozymes |
| 1985 | Kary Mullis | creates PCR - Polymerase Chain Reaction |
| 1989 | HGP Project | project to sequence entire human genome |
| 1990 | French Anderson | 1st use of Recombinant DNA drug (ADA) |
| 1992 | Harry Noller | peptidyl transferase is a ribozyme |
| 1992 | Edmund Fischer & Edwin Krebs |
identify protein phosphorylation |
| 1993 | Kerry Mullis | creates PCR reaction |
| 1994 | Calgene | FlavrSavr tomato 1st transgenic food |
| 1996 | Ian Wilmut | mammalian cloning & Dolly |
| 1997 | Paul Boyer & John Walker | describes ATP synthase mechanism |
| 1998 | James Thompson & John Gearhart | plueripotent (stem) cells cultured |
| 1999 | Craig Venter | complete gene sequence of Drosophila identified |
| 2000 | Craig Venter | Human Genome sequence announced |
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